Military Service is one of the major concerns of every citizen in the Republic of Turkey. This is because the 72nd article of the Turkish Constitution states that “National service is the right and duty of every Turk. The manner in which this service shall be performed, or considered as performed, either in the armed forces or in public service, shall be regulated by law.” However, does the definition of “…every Turk…” mean only men? What is the meaning of “…or in public service…” in this article? What is the position of Turkey on the subject of conscientious objection? Has the compulsory military service been applied continuously from the Ottoman Empire to present? More questions like these can be raised. In this study, the systems of both the professional and the obligatory military services are analyzed in the framework of such questions. Additionally, various problems occurring during the conscription process are determined and some possible solutions are proposed to overcome these problems.